This file picture taken on Sept 22, 2020 shows containers at the Port of Klaipeda, Lithuania. (PETRAS MALUKAS / AFP)

The COVID-19 pandemic has created massive shocks to global trade, both on the demand and supply sides. But trade serves a critical role in global economics, and as we move toward a new world order, new trade patterns may emerge.

The rise of digital trade platforms, e-signatures, and digital customs clearance will all help to keep goods moving more efficiently. And as companies embrace digitization, they can also use technology to help manage increasingly diverse supply chains

At a recent webinar titled "Riding the Wave: The Future of Trade", I discussed a range of possibilities around the future of global trade with my fellow panelists.

Three hundred of the world's top 500 companies had facilities in Wuhan, China, meaning the strict lockdown imposed there had ramifications for the world over, while many countries were left scrambling for vital medical supplies due to bottlenecks in the movement of freight. 

The question is to what extent the pandemic will lead to a permanent change in the way multinational organizations operate their supply chains.

According to the World Trade Organization, world trade is expected to fall by between 13 and 32 percent in 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic disrupts normal economic activity and life around the world.

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But as the global economy starts to recover, I believe that companies are likely to adopt new models in order to mitigate future risks. This could include greater diversification, more near-shoring and on-shoring, and increased digitization. Here' is an analysis of the key trends.

Control over supplies

There are multiple factors prompting businesses and governments to reassess the inherent risks of overreliance on one country or region. Chief among them is the need to exercise more control over the provision of public health-related supplies like medicines and medical equipment.

China supplied about 42 percent of the world's exports of personal protective equipment in 2018, for example, as well as almost three quarters of Italy's imported blood thinners and 60 percent of the ingredients for antibiotics imported by Japan, according to a report from The Economist. This is likely to lead governments to shore up industries that are deemed to be of national importance.

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The difficulty global airfreight has faced during the pandemic is another reason for caution. With much cargo transported in the hold of passenger jets, the reduction of flights caused a spike in the cost of airfreight, with rates between China and the United States more than doubling to US$7 per kilogram from April to May. This had a knock-on impact on shipping rates, too.

Diversification

These difficulties may lead businesses and governments to change their mindset from the "just-in-time "supply chains that were largely driven by the desire for lean inventories, efficiency and cost savings.

One alternative is the "just-in-case" approach, where supply chains are diversified to protect against future risks such as trade wars, hefty tariffs, punitive regulations, or a second wave of the pandemic.

This may result in a shift in the favor of a broader range of emerging manufacturing hubs within Asia, such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia. India is also positioning itself to be a beneficiary of more diverse supply chains and has the added advantages of its time zone and world-class information technology infrastructure.

Reshoring or near-shoring is another option, and there was a preexisting trend among US manufacturers to rely less on imports from China as a result of the trade war.

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In its annual Reshoring Index, consulting firm Kearney highlighted a "sharp reversal" of US manufacturer sourcing from Asia to domestic suppliers in 2019. However, in case of most countries, this is more likely to be led by government incentives rather than nationalism.

Weighing up cost benefits

Of course, it is hugely complicated and expensive to relocate whole factories, or even research and development facilities which rely on people as their primary resource, so the immediate impact may be limited.

Indeed, a Standard Chartered poll suggests that just 10 percent of firms are looking at moving their supply chains, while 6 percent are considering shortening them.

Moving toward digitization

Over the longer term, however, automation and robotics may alter the cost equation, partly offsetting the relatively higher labor costs of the Western markets.

Similarly, digitization may help to cut the costs associated with global trade, as the shift online experienced during the lockdown becomes more ingrained.

The rise of digital trade platforms, e-signatures, and digital customs clearance will all help to keep goods moving more efficiently. And as companies embrace digitization, they can also use technology to help manage increasingly diverse supply chains, for example by using real-time visibility of inventory or machine learning to forecast purchasing patterns.

Geopolitical pressures

It is also important to consider changes in the broader business and geopolitical landscape, as cost is only one driver of behavior.

China is transforming itself from a low-cost manufacturing hub to a final demand destination, redefining the dynamics between global and regional supply chains and cementing the trend toward more intra-regional trading

Companies will need to map out their own vulnerabilities, looking at any areas which could lead to interruptions. These could include decisions by governments to stipulate more local purchases; limit the flow of data or deny entry visas to international executives. There may also be domestic pressure to protect workers against mass layoffs for the recession.

The rise of protectionism from populist governments was already undermining the WTO's rule book that has helped facilitate global economic growth over the past 20 years.

There is also a shift in favor of services as they become an increasingly important part of global trade over the next decade, with trade in services growing 60 percent faster than the trade in goods in the past decade and now accounting for US$5.1 trillion out of the US$17.3 trillion which makes up global trade.

At the same time, China is transforming itself from a low-cost manufacturing hub to a final demand destination, redefining the dynamics between global and regional supply chains and cementing the trend toward more intra-regional trading.

Resilient supply chains

Companies will always be partially motivated by the need to create shareholder value－and some may be quick to forget the drastic disruption of 2020. However, I believe there will be greater emphasis on making supply chains less vulnerable, even if there is some financial cost involved.

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Businesses across the world are reassessing their supply chain risks and will be helped by data and artificial intelligence as they weigh the evolving risks and new opportunities.

It is fair to say that the role of a chief technology officer or chief information officer has never been more important. It is my hope that the changes adopted will build more resilient supply chains with the strength to future-proof global trade.

The writer is the global head of global subsidiaries at Standard Chartered Bank.